Technical calculators

150 denier = 150 ÷ 9 = 16.67 tex (equivalent to 60 Nm). Denier is the weight of 9,000 m, tex of 1,000 m of yarn.

Denier is the gram weight of 9,000 m, dtex of 10,000 m. Conversion: dtex = denier × 1.111.

Direct systems (tex, denier, dtex) measure weight per length — a higher value means a coarser yarn. Indirect systems (Nm, Ne) measure length per weight — a higher value means a finer yarn.

The Ne–Tex constant is 590.5 for pure synthetics; cotton uses 583.1 because of moisture. This tool assumes 590.5 for polyester.

200 g/m² = 200 ÷ 33.906 = 5.90 oz/yd².

GSM (g/m²) is the weight in grams of one square metre of fabric — the standard measure of fabric weight/density.

oz/yd² is the weight in ounces of one square yard of fabric — the unit commonly used by US and UK buyers.

Length = 1 × 1000 ÷ (GSM × width). E.g. at 180 g/m² and 1.5 m width: 1000 ÷ 270 = 3.70 m/kg.

Weight (kg) = length × GSM × width ÷ 1000. Weight per metre = GSM × width (g).

The first number is the total fineness (150 denier), the second is the filament count in the bundle (48). Dividing gives the fineness per filament: 150 ÷ 48 = 3.125 denier/filament. Spreading the same 150 denier over more filaments (e.g. 150/144) makes each filament finer and softens the fabric.

Microfibre is a filament finer than 1 denier per filament (about < 1.1 dtex/filament). For example 100/144 → 100 ÷ 144 = 0.69 denier/filament is microfibre; 150/48 → 3.125 is not.

Low DPF (fine, many filaments) gives a softer hand, better cover and drape, and a more matte look. High DPF (coarse, few filaments) gives a firmer hand and a fuller, more durable structure. With total denier fixed, raising the filament count lowers DPF.

The logic is identical: dtex/filament = total dtex ÷ filament count. Denier and dtex relate by dtex = denier × 1.111; the microfibre threshold reads as < 1 in denier and ≈ < 1.1 in dtex.

POY (Partially Oriented Yarn) is the unstable intermediate spun at high speed from the melt but not fully drawn. DTY (Draw Textured Yarn) is made by simultaneously drawing the POY (it gets finer) and texturing it (it gains crimp/bulk) on a draw-texturing machine, yielding a yarn ready for weaving and knitting.

Drawing stretches and lengthens the filament; because mass is conserved, fewer grams fall on the same length and the denier decreases. DTY denier ≈ POY denier ÷ draw ratio. E.g. drawing 250D POY at 1.6 gives ≈ 156D DTY; at 1.5 it gives ≈ 167D, at 1.7 ≈ 147D.

For standard polyester DTY the draw ratio is usually in the 1.5–1.7 range; it is set on the machine according to yarn type, POY orientation and the target DTY denier.

No, it is an estimate. Actual DTY denier and yield vary with machine, temperature, tension, waste and orientation differences. Use the result for pre-planning and rely on the production/machine report for exact figures.

Compute (set × Tex ÷ 10) for warp and weft separately, multiply each by the crimp allowance, then add them. This gives an estimated GSM from construction; the exact weight is confirmed by weighing a sample per ISO 3801.

With yarn count held constant, weight scales linearly with set: doubling warp or weft density doubles that direction’s weight contribution. A denser construction means a heavier fabric.

Yarn waves over and under as it interlaces, so it travels farther than the fabric dimension; that extra length adds weight. The 6% default is a typical estimate — higher for tight weaves, lower for open ones.

The calculation cannot know actual crimp, finishing gain or loss, or moisture regain; these are approximated with a default crimp allowance. For sample approval, rely on the ISO 3801 weighed result.

Estimating weight from construction is technology-specific: weaving needs thread density and crimp, weft knitting needs loop length, and warp knitting (raschel, tricot) needs the run-in per guide bar. Some of those are MACHINE parameters — a buyer holding the fabric cannot know them. Weighing makes no construction assumption at all: it works the same way for every fabric type, even nonwovens, and the result is a measurement rather than an estimate.

A larger sample is more precise, because cutting tolerance and balance error stay small relative to the total. A 100 cm² circular cutter is common for ISO 3801; measuring by hand, 10 × 10 cm is a practical baseline. Cut clean edges, flatten creases, and take the sample from the body of the fabric rather than the selvedge; sampling several points and averaging also reveals within-lot variation.

For a figure you intend to declare, yes. Textile fibres take up moisture from the air and the balance weighs that moisture too; the standard atmosphere is 20 °C and 65% relative humidity. Polyester has very low regain (0.4%), so the deviation is small, but it becomes significant in cotton blends. To convert to commercial (conditioned) weight, use the conditioned weight calculator.

Three usual causes: whether the fabric is greige or finished (finishing, compacting and heat-setting all raise weight), whether the sample was damp or dry, and within-lot tolerance. Catalogue weights are given as typical bands; the acceptance tolerance is stated per order in your quotation. If you have measured a difference, share your sample size and weighing conditions and we will verify it together.

In weaving, yarns interlace over and under one another, so the calculation rests on thread density and a crimp allowance. In knitting the yarn does not interlace — it forms loops, and what governs how much yarn enters the fabric is the length of that loop. This is why the woven formula (warp/weft set × Tex × crimp) cannot be applied to a knitted fabric; in knitting, loop length is the primary variable.

Unravel one course: take out a yarn length containing a known number of loops (say 100 wales), straighten it under light tension, measure it and divide by the loop count. On the machine side the same value can be read from the yarn run-in per course. Loop length is a production parameter set on the machine, and it is what defines the character of the fabric.

In single-face structures such as single jersey, every loop can be counted from the face, so the factor is 1. In double-face structures such as rib, interlock and ponte, half the loops are formed on the back bed, so the courses × wales you count from the face is half the true loop count and the factor is 2. Omitting the factor on a double-face structure understates the weight by roughly half.

No. This tool is for WEFT (circular) knitting, where loop length is a single value. In warp knitting — raschel, tricot — yarn is fed at a different rate from each guide bar, and what governs weight is not loop length but the run-in ratio per bar (mm fed per 480-course rack). A typical raschel fabric runs 2-4 bars, so it cannot be modelled with one loop length. For a raschel programme, confirm weight by weighing a sample.

The calculation represents the greige construction as it leaves the machine. After dyeing, finishing, compacting and heat-setting the fabric draws in and the actual weight comes out somewhat above this figure; moisture regain also enters the weighing. For sample approval, rely on the weighed result per ISO 3801.

Without unwinding, measure the outer diameter, the inner core (tube) diameter and the single-layer fabric thickness in mm; plug them into L = π × (D_outer² − D_inner²) ÷ (4 × thickness) and divide by 1000 to convert to meters. The result is an estimate based on a uniform-spiral assumption.

The formula assumes a perfect spiral wind and constant thickness. In practice winding tension, loft, moisture and fabric compression shift the figure, so expect about ±5-10% and unwind to measure when an exact length is required.

Measure the thickness of a single fabric layer with a thickness gauge (micrometer), under a standard load if possible. Thickness is inversely proportional in the formula, so halving it doubles the estimated length — small errors here matter.

The inner core (cardboard tube) holds no fabric; treating its diameter as zero overstates the length. In the example, ignoring the core gives ≈141.4 m versus the true estimate of 125.7 m — roughly 12% high.

Total yarn (kg) = (warp + weft g/m²) × width × order_m ÷ 1000 × (1 + waste). E.g. 180 g/m², 1.5 m width, 1,000 m, 4% waste: 270 × 1,000 ÷ 1,000 × 1.04 = 280.8 kg.

Waste covers knitting/weaving loss, selvedge, tie-in and sampling. Typical ranges are 3–6% for knits and 5–10% for wovens; use your own production data or our RFQ team for an exact figure.

From the fabric construction: the mass per square metre of each yarn system. Their sum is the fabric’s total weight (g/m²), listed per fabric in our TDS sheets.

The result is estimated: actual g/m² measurement tolerance, shrinkage/finishing and the real waste rate all shift it. For a binding quantity, work from the TDS weight and an agreed waste figure.

First, total ends = density (ends/cm) × usable width (cm). Then warp yarn (kg) = total ends × beam length (m) × Tex ÷ 1,000,000, multiplied by (1 + take-up + waste). Get Tex from dtex ÷ 10.

Take-up is the warp shortening as it interlaces during weaving; waste is yarn lost in warp preparation and weaving (knotting, breaks, beam head and tail). Both are added as allowances on top of the net yarn, otherwise the beam runs short.

Tex = denier ÷ 9. E.g. 150 denier = 16.67 Tex. For dtex, Tex = dtex ÷ 10; 167 dtex = 16.7 Tex. The formula always takes Tex because the ÷ 1,000,000 constant is Tex-based (g per 1000 m).

Enter the actual warp width wound on the beam — the usable width in the reed — not the finished fabric width. Warp is wider because of shrinkage and selvedge allowances.

Waste rate = quantity lost ÷ input started. For example, if 86.96 kg is lost from 1,086.96 kg of input, waste = 86.96 ÷ 1,086.96 = 0.08, i.e. 8%. To find the required input, work it backwards: input = output ÷ (1 − waste).

Because waste is a fraction of the input, not the output. Adding 8% to the output under-plans the input. The correct step is to divide output by (1 − waste): 1,000 ÷ 0.92 = 1,086.96 kg; 1,000 × 1.08 = 1,080 kg falls short.

No, they complement each other. Efficiency = 1 − waste. An 8% waste means 92% efficiency. Input can also be written as output ÷ efficiency: 1,000 ÷ 0.92 = 1,086.96 kg.

Steps combine by multiplication, not addition. For two successive 5% and 3% losses, total efficiency = 0.95 × 0.97 = 0.9215, i.e. 7.85% total waste. Input = output ÷ 0.9215.

Commercial (conditioned) weight is the contractual, invoiced weight found by adding a fibre’s legal/commercial moisture regain (R) to its bone-dry mass. Formula: commercial = dry × (1 + R). Because moisture varies with air conditions, this standard weight is used instead of a raw weigh-in.

Polyester’s commercial moisture regain is 0.4%. It is so low that dry and commercial weight are almost identical: 100 kg dry polyester = 100 × 1.004 = 100.4 kg commercial. For comparison, nylon is 4.5%, cotton 8.5%, viscose 12% and wool 16.5%.

First compute the weighted-average R from the fibre proportions, then apply commercial = dry × (1 + R). Example: for 65% polyester / 35% cotton, R = 0.65 × 0.004 + 0.35 × 0.085 = 0.032; 100 kg dry yarn → 103.24 kg commercial weight.

Dry (bone-dry) weight is the fibre mass with all moisture removed; actual weight is the real, moist weigh-in at delivery. From actual to commercial weight: commercial = actual × (1 + R_commercial) ÷ (1 + R_actual).

First cost/kg = yarn(₺/kg) × (1 + waste) + processing(₺/kg). Then cost/metre = cost/kg × (GSM × width ÷ 1000). E.g. 52.10 ₺/kg, 180 g/m², 1.5 m width → 52.10 × 0.27 = 14.07 ₺/m.

Enter waste as a percentage; the tool converts it to a decimal (5% → 0.05) and multiplies yarn cost by (1 + waste). Waste covers knitting/weaving, dyeing and finishing losses.

The processing ₺/kg field covers per-kg add-ons such as dyeing, finishing and knit/weave conversion charges; it is optional and treated as 0 if left blank.

No; the conversion is an estimated value at a build-time fixed rate (1 $ = 32.50 ₺ · 1 € = 35.00 ₺). For a binding quote with your actual prices and the current rate, send an RFQ.

It depends on the roll/carton size and weight. A 40' container offers ≈ 67.57 m³ and a 26,600 kg payload limit; the tool divides those by your box volume and weight, then takes the smaller. For a 0.072 m³, 20 kg carton that is an estimated 938 units.

A 20' container carries ≈ 33.14 m³ / 28,200 kg, a 40' ≈ 67.57 m³ / 26,600 kg. The 40' gives roughly double the volume but a similar payload limit — so for heavy cartons the binding limit is often weight, not volume.

A 40' HC (High Cube) is 30 cm taller than a standard 40' (2.69 m interior height), giving ≈ 76.04 m³. It is preferred for light but bulky fabric rolls because it allows one more stacking layer.

The calculation assumes simple stacking; actual loading varies with pallet size, carton orientation, stacking pattern and door clearance. Contact us for an exact load plan and shipping quote.

rPET uses roughly 59% less energy than virgin polyester (source: EEA 2021). The saving scales with recycled share: 100% rPET ≈ 59%, 50% rPET ≈ 30% estimated energy saving. This is an indicator; an exact figure requires a product-specific LCA.

For a GRS (Global Recycled Standard) label, at least 50% of the product weight must be certified recycled content. Content of 20–49% qualifies only under RCS (Recycled Claim Standard). Confirm the exact threshold and verification with your certification body.

Divide the recycled mass in grams by the bottle unit weight. As a standard 0.5 L PET bottle is ~10 g, 70,000 g of rPET ≈ 7,000 bottles. Bottle weight varies by brand; update the field with your measured value.

No. This tool gives an INDICATOR based on EEA 2021’s ~59% energy difference; it excludes the product’s transport, dyeing and finishing impacts. Verify with a certified, product-specific LCA before using it in marketing or reporting.

Wash polyester at 30–40 °C on a gentle/delicate cycle; heat above 110 °C can deform the fibre. Tumble dry on low, and if ironing is needed use the lowest (110 °C) setting with a press cloth. Never use chlorine bleach.

There are five base symbols: tub=washing, triangle=bleaching, square=drying, iron icon=ironing, circle=professional care. A bar under a symbol marks gentleness, a dot or number inside marks temperature, and a cross over it means “do not”. This tool returns each symbol’s ISO 3758 text definition.

No. GINETEX/ISO 3758 symbol artwork is trademark-protected and requires a licence for commercial labels. This tool produces only the standard’s official text definition and a human-readable care instruction; source the licensed symbol set from your supplier or GINETEX for the printed label.

Yes. ISO 3758 defines a fixed reading order: washing → bleaching → drying → ironing → professional care. This tool always emits output in that order so the label stays internationally readable.

The HEX code is converted to RGB, then to CIELAB under the D65 white point. The ΔE2000 difference is computed against every colour in the Fersan dye library, and the dye with the lowest ΔE is returned as the closest equivalent. The result is a screen-based estimate; it is confirmed by a lab-dip before production.

ΔE is a metric that expresses the total difference between two colours as a single number. In CIELAB space the differences on the lightness (L*), red-green (a*) and yellow-blue (b*) axes are combined. The closer to zero, the more identical the colours. This tool uses ΔE2000 (CIEDE2000), which correlates best with human perception.

Common guidance: ΔE ≤ 1.0 is imperceptible to the eye, ΔE 1-2 is very close, and ΔE 2-3.5 is commercially acceptable. The exact limit depends on the colour, end use and customer standard — each brand sets its own tolerance.

No. Pantone TCX values are proprietary and are not embedded in this tool. Matching is done only against Fersan’s in-house, curated dye library. Share your Pantone reference and we will hit it at the physical lab-dip stage.

A DPP (Digital Product Passport) is a structured, machine-readable record (typically via a QR/data carrier) that presents a product’s identity, material composition, origin, recycled content, chemical compliance, and durability/recyclability in a standard format. It becomes mandatory under the EU Ecodesign (ESPR) framework.

This tool covers the minimum themes: fibre composition (total 100%), recycled content (%), country of origin, chemical compliance (REACH/SVHC note), and durability/recyclability. Certificates (GRS/OEKO-TEX/RCS) are supporting. The exact field list will be set by the textile delegated act.

The ESPR framework regulation is in force; textiles are a priority product group, and requirements phase in via delegated acts across 2026–2027. For exact dates, the official EU regulation governs. This tool is informational, not compliance advice.